The  Hydrocarbons  of  Utah 


By  Carlos  Bardwell,  B,  Arthur  Berryman,  Thomas  B. 
Brighton  and  Kenneth  D.  Kuhre 


* 


a 


[Reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 
Vol.  5.  No.  12.  December,  1913.] 


THE  HYDROCARBONS  OF  UTAH1 

By  Carlos  Bardwell,  B.  Arthur  Berryman,  Thomas  B.  Brighton 
and  Kenneth  D.  Kuhre 
Received  September  20,  1913 

About  fifteen  kinds  of  hydrocarbons  occur  in  Utah; 
the  five  of  these  occurring  most  abundantly — gilsonite, 
tabbyite,  wurtzilite,  ozocerite  and  rock  asphalt  are 
the  ones  selected  for  this  investigation. 

Gilsonite2  (uintaite)  was  first  described  by  Blake 
in  1885.  He  gave  it  the  name  uintaite  because  of 
its  occurrence  in  the  Uinta  Mountains.  Later  the 
name  gilsonite  was  adopted  because  S.  H.  Gilson, 
a prospector,  brought  it  into  prominence  as  an  article 
of  commerce.  The  deposits  of  gilsonite  are  limited 
to  the  Uncompahgre  Indian  Reservation  in  Uinta 
County,  being  found  in  an  area  extending  along  the 
40th  parallel  for  about  60  miles. 

Tabbyite  receives  its  name  from  an  Indian  chieftain, 
Tabby.  The  deposits  are  in  Tabby  Canyon,  a branch 
of  the  Duchesne,  about  8 to  9 miles  south  and  west 
of  Theodore,  Uinta  County. 

Wurtzilite3  (elaterite  or  mineral  rubber)  from  Utah 
was  first  described  by  Wurtz,  who  showed  that  it  is 
a distinct  mineral.  The  name  elaterite  had  been  used 
previously  by  Dana  and  other  mineralogists  to  describe 
three  different  minerals  of  specific  gravities  ranging 
from  0.905  to  1.223.  The  region  in  which  wurtzilite 
is  found  covers  an  area  of  about  100  square  miles  be- 
tween Indian  Canyon  and  Sam’s  Canyon,  branches  of 
Strawberry  Creek,  about  30  miles  due  north  of  Price, 
Utah. 

Ozocerite  (mineral  wax)  has  been  known  for  many 
years  on  account  of  the  economic  value  of  the  large 
deposits  in  Galicia,  Austria.  The  only  other  deposit 
known  to  be  of  commercial  value  is  that  in  Utah. 
This  deposit  begins  about  two  miles  west  of  Colton, 
Utah  County,  and  extends  to  about  four  miles  west  of 
Soldier  Summit,  a distance  of  12  miles.  The  belt 
is  2 miles  wide.  This  area  may  be  divided  into  three 
parts:4  (1)  near  Colton,  on  the  north  side  of  the 

1 This  work  was  done  at  the  suggestion  and  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  W.  C.  Ebaugh,  to  whom  the  authors’  thanks  are  due. 

2 Blake,  Eng.  Min.  J .,  40,  431  (1885). 

* Wurtz,  Ibid.,  49,  59  (1890). 

* Taff  and  Smith,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  285,  369  (1905). 

(I) 


Price  River  valley;  (2)  to  the  east  of  Soldier  Summit 
where  the  railroad  crosses  the  crest  of  the  plateau; 
and  (3)  near  Midway  Station,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
canyon,  near  the  source  of  Soldier’s  Creek. 

Heretofore  rock  asphalt  has  usually  been  called1  bi- 
tuminous sandstone,  but  the  former  name  is  growing 
in  popularity,  especially  in  Utah.  The  largest  deposit 
in  the  state  lies  south  and  east  of  Vernal,  north  of  the 
White  River  and  between  Ashley  and  Uinta  valleys.1 
This  deposit  attains  a thickness  (in  places)  of  twenty 
feet,  but  at  present  it  is  too  far  from  a railroad  for 
successful  commercial  exploitation.  Another  deposit 
occurs  in  Spanish  Fork  Canyon,  southeast  of  Thistle, 
and  still  other  immense  deposits  are  found  (1)  in  the 
tributaries  of  Whitmore  Canyon,  near  Sunnyside, 
(2)  at  the  head  of  Willow  Creek,  a tributary  of  the 
Green  River,  in  the  Book  Cliff  Mountains,  and  (3) 
in  the  Laramie  sandstones  near  Jensen,  on  the  Green 
River.  A deposit  of  bituminous  limestone  occurs 
at  the  head  of  the  right-hand  branch  of  Tie  Fork, 
a canyon  entering  Spanish  Fork  Canyon,  2 miles 
west  of  Clear  Creek  Station.  An  area  underlaid  by 
bituminous  limestone,  about  50  miles  long  east  and 
west  .by  10  miles  wide  north  and  south,  lies  just  north 
of  Colton  and  south  of  Strawberry  Creek,  extending 
from  Antelope  Creek  on  the  east  to  Thistle  on  the  west.2 

HISTORICAL 

In  reviewing  the  literature  of  these  substances  one 
finds  that  a great  deal  has  been  published  concerning 
gilsonite  and  ozocerite,  but  not  much  about  wurtzilite, 
tabbyite  and  rock  asphalt.  Day,3  working  with  gil- 
sonite, attempted  to  isolate  “such  single  hydrocarbons 
or  their  derivatives  as  would  give  some  information 
as  to  the  real  nature  of  the  mineral  itself.”  He  gives 
an  outline  of  the  physical  characteristics,  solubilities, 
etc.,  of  gilsonite,  and  describes  the  character  of  the 
residue  from  each  solvent  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the 
dissolved  portion.  Proximate  and  ultimate  analyses 
are  given.  From  a study  of  the  distillation  products 
of  gilsonite  he  concludes  that  the  oil  obtained  belongs 
to  the  paraffin  series  of  hydrocarbons,  and  is  made  up 
of  a number  of  distinct  substances,  just  as  is  petro- 
leum. He  obtained  from  the  distillate  volatile  with 
steam,  oils  which  seem  to  correspond  to  those  described 

1 Wigglesworth,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  17,  115  (1888). 

2 Eldridge,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  17th  Ann.  Rept.,  1896,  915,  el  seg.; 
22nd.  Ann.  Rept.,  1900-01,  332. 

* Day,  J.  Frank.  Inst.,  Sept.,  1896,  221,  et  seq. 

(2) 


by  Peckham1  as  obtained  from  California  bitumens. 
These  had  an  odor  similar  to  quinoline,  and  to  him  this 
was  an  evidence  of  the  relationship  of  California  bit- 
umen and  of  gilsonite  and  of  their  animal  origin. 
Day  gives  also  the  results  of  treatment  with  nitric  acid 
and  descriptions  of  the  products  and  their  properties, 
concluding  that  some  members  of  the  naphthalene 
series  are  present. 

Eldridge2  described  the  location  of  the  hydrocarbon 
deposits  and  the  geology  of  the  district.  He  states 
that  the  cracks  in  which  gilsonite  is  found  were  formed 
by  the  gentle  folding  that  produced  the  Uinta  Valley 
syncline.  He  describes  the  properties  of  the  gilsonite 
coming  from  near  the  surface  where,  through  atmos- 
pheric agencies,  it  has  lost  its  luster  and  become  pencil- 
lated  in  structure.  From  a study  of  conditions  he 
concludes  that  the  gilsonite  found  its  way  into  the 
fissures  as  a plastic  mass,  coming  from  below  under 
pressure,  and  though  of  high  viscosity,  sufficiently 
fluid  to  be  pressed  between  the  grains  constituting 
the  wall  rocks.  He  frankly  confesses  his  lack  of  ability 
to  suggest  the  condition  under  which  the  gilsonite 
existed  prior  to  its  flow  into  the  cracks.  An  analysis 
of  gilsonite  by  Day  is  quoted  as  follows: 

Percentages 


Volatile  matter 56.46 

Fixed  carbon 43.43 

Ash 0.10 

or 

\ Carbon 88.30 

Hydrogen 9.96 

Sulfur 1.32 

Ash 0.10 

Oxygen  and  nitrogen  (undetermined) 0.32 


Locke,3  Blake,4  Raymond,5  and  Wurtz6  describe  the 
* uses  of  gilsonite,  its  solubilities,  methods  for  “fluxing” 

it,  etc.  The  earlier  analyses  of  asphalts  gave  rather 
large  percentages  of  oxygen,  but  this  was  probably 
« because  the  presence  of  sulfur  had  not  been  recognized 

and  the  oxygen  was  supposed,  with  the  carbon  and  the 
hydrogen,  to  make  up  the  ash-free  bitumen.  Never- 
theless some  analyses  which  report  sulfur  and  nitrogen 
also  report  small  amounts  of  oxygen.7  By  some  author- 
ities, as  Richardson  and  Peckham,  oxygen  is  considered 
as  foreign  to  natural  asphalts. 

1 Peckham,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  48,  III,  250. 

2 Eldridge,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  22nd  Ann.  Repi.,  1900-01,  330. 

* Eocke,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  16,  162  (1887). 

4 Blake,  Eng.  Min.  J.,  40,  431  (1885). 

6 Raymond,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  17,  113  (1888). 

• Wurtz,  Eng.  Min.  J.,  48,  114  (1889). 

7 Sadtler,  This  Journal,  6,  393  (1913). 

(3) 


In  the  first  reference  to  wurtzilite,  Blake1  describes 
it  from  a physical  standpoint,  noting  its  occurrence, 
hardness,  color,  specific  gravity,  fusibility,  electrical 
properties,  etc.  He  explains  the  difference  between 
wurtzilite  and  gilsonite,2  and  shows  that  the  Utah 
wurtzilite  is  an  entirely  distinct  mineral  from  the  elater- 
ite  of  Dana  and  other  mineralogists.  Wurtz3  confirms 
the  conclusions  of  Blake. 

Utah  ozocerite  is  very  similar  in  properties  to  that 
from  Galicia,  but  as  it  contains  less  oily  material  and 
is  firmer,  it  is  more  valuable.  Many  popular  accounts4 
of  its  mode  of  preparation,  uses,  etc.,  are  to  be  found, 
but  nothing  concerning  its  chemical  composition, 
distillation  products,  etc. 

With  the  exception  of  occasional  references  to  the 
location  of  bituminous  sandstones  in  Utah,  nothing 
could  be  found  about  rock  asphalt. 

USES  OF  UTAH  HYDROCARBONS 

An  investigation  of  the  uses  of  Utah  hydrocarbons 
shows  them  to  be  surprisingly  numerous  and  varied. 
Many  of  our  commonest  articles  are  made  from  these 
substances.  Before  the  discovery  of  gilsonite  in  Utah, 
European  and  Asiatic  asphalts  were  shipped  into  the 
United  States;  now,  because  of  its  abundance  and  purity 
large  quantities  of  Utah  asphalt  are  shipped  to  foreign 
countries.  The  production  of  gilsonite  during  the 
last  two  years  has  increased  rapidly,  due  to  the  greater 
number  of  articles  made  from  it.  In  19105  the  produc- 
tion was  30,000  tons;  in  1912,  over  50,000  tons.  It  is 
worth  about  $20.00  a ton,  f.  o.  b.  Utah. 

Wurtzilite  is  little  used  because  of  its  insolubility. 
About  1,000  tons  are  produced  annually. 

Ozocerite  is  of  greater  value  than  gilsonite,  the  price 
in  New  York  being  15  to  28  cents  per  pound.6  No 
data  could  be  found  as  to  the  production  of  ozocerite, 
but  at  present  the  demand  far  exceeds  the  supply. 

Perhaps  the  most  extended  use  that  has  been  made 
of  Utah  asphalts  is  in  the  paving  industry.  Gilsonite 
has  been  used  in  paving  the  streets  of  many  important 
cities,5  e.  g.,  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  where  it  is 
said  to  be  giving  satisfaction  under  the  most  exacting 

1 Blake  Eng.  Min.  J.,  48,  542  (1889). 

2 Blake.  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  18,  497  (1889). 

2 Wurtz,  Eng.  Min.  J.,  49,  106  (1890). 

4 Higgins,  Salt  Lake  Mining  Review,  14,  11-5  (Oct.,  1912).  Culmer, 
Salt  Lake  Tribune  (Dec.  29,  1912);  Taff  and  Smith,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  285,  369  (1905). 

6 Culmer,  Address,  Univ.  of  Utah,  Nov.  15,  1912. 

6 Higgins,  Salt  Lake  Min.  Rev.,  14,  11-5  (Oct.  15,  1912). 

(4) 


requirements.  Rock  asphalt  was  used5  in  paving 
Second  South  Street  between  West  Temple  and  First 
West  Streets,  Salt  Lake  City,  and  the  surface  is  now 
in  fair  condition,  although  it  has  had  practically  no 
repairs  during  its  16  years  of  service. 

Another  important  use  for  Utah  hydrocarbons  is 
in  the  manufacture  of  varnishes  and  paints.5  Only 
the  purest  and  best  materials  are  used  for  these 
purposes,  the  refined  hydrocarbons  being  dissolved 
in  turpentine  and  linseed  oils.  Wurtzilite  has  been 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  a varnish  in  which  the  par- 
ticles are  simply  held  in  suspension,  but  do  not  enter 
into  solution. 

Some  of  the  uses  of  the  individual  Utah  hydrocarbons 
are  as  follows: 

Gilsonite.1 — Paving  industry,  electrical  insulators, 
roofing  papers  and  compounds,  water-proofing  wooden 
and  steel  pipes  and  masonry  aqueducts,  preventing 
electrolytic  action  on  iron  plates  of  ship  bottoms, 
coating  barb  wire  fencing,  coating  sea  walls  of  brick 
or  masonry,  lining  tanks  for  chemicals,  coating  poles, 
posts  and  ties,  toredo-proof  pile  coating,  smokestack 
paint,  lubricant  for  heavy  machinery,  substitute 
for  rubber,  as  binder  pitch  for  culm  in  making  bri- 
quettes and  egette  coal. 

Tabbyite. — Compounds  with  Para  rubber  to  manu- 
facture floor  mats,  rubber  paints  and  roofings;  as  a 
filler  for  rubber  in  automobile  tires,  etc. 

Wurtzilite. — Varnishes,  roofing  compound,  etc. 

Ozocerite .2 — Electrical  insulator  (said  to  have  about 
four  times  the  specific  resistance  of  paraffin),  altar 
candles,  substitute  for  beeswax,  ointments,  pomades, 
salves,  water-proofing,  waxed  paper,  wax  dolls  and 
figures,  telephone  receivers,  phonograph  records,  elec- 
troplating, water-proof  crayons,  shoe  polish,  buttons, 
ceresine,  floor  polishes  and  waxes,  water-proofing 
cartridges,  sealing  wax,  etc. 

Rock  Asphalt. — Paving  industry. 

EXPERIMENTAL  RESULTS 

The  results  of  the  first  tests  made  upon  eight  samples 
of  hydrocarbons  are  given  in  Table  I.3  They  are 

1 Locke,  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  16,  162  (1887);  New  Internatl, 
Encyc.  Article  on  “Asphalt;”  Culmer.  loc  cit.\  Richardson  and  Parker. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Min.  Resources  of  V . S..  1893,  627-69;  Taff  and  Smith, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  285,  369  (1905). 

2 New  Internatl.  Encyc.,  Article  on  “Asphalt;”  Higgins,  Salt  Lake  Min. 
Rev.,  14,  11-5  (Oct.  15,  1912). 

3 For  purposes  of  comparison  determinations  were  carried  out  also 
upon  samples  of  refined  Trinidad  and  Bermudez  asphalt  kindly  supplied 
by  the  New  York  Testing  Laboratory. 

(5) 


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(6) 


Flows  0 F 266  181  377  275  l mercury  / 140 

Penetration  at  78°  F 0 30  0 0 0 0 30 


the  standard  tests  recommended  by  Richardson1 
and  are  meant  primarily  to  ^determine  the  fitness  of 
the  materials  for  asphalt  paving.  No  one  of  the  ma- 
terials as  it  occurs  in  nature  comes  up  to  the  stand- 
ards completely,  but  in  the  cases  of  Trinidad,  Bermu- 
dez, rock  asphalt  and  gilsonite  the  bitumen  could  be 
mixed  with  heavy  petroleum  oils  and  given  the  required 
penetration  and  other  physical  properties.  As  our 
work  is  concerned  with  the  properties  of  the  materials 
as  they  occur  in  nature  no  compounding  was  done. 
For  the  use  of  a standard  machine  for  making  the  pene- 
tration tests  we  are  indebted  to  the  office  of  the  City 
Engineer,  Salt  Lake  City. 

The  bitumens  in  asphalts  are  divided  into  two  general 
classes,2  viz.,  those  soluble  in  62°  naphtha  (malthenes) 
and  those  insoluble  in  carbon  tetrachloride  but  soluble 
in  carbon  disulfide  (carbenes).  Our  solubility  tests 
were  made  by  allowing  one-gram  samples,  finely  ground, 
to  be  in  contact  with  excessive  amounts  of  the  solvents 
for  12  to  18  hours,  filtering  upon  ignited  asbestos  in 
a Gooch  crucible,  washing  with  the  pure  solvent, 
drying  at  100 0 C.  and  reweighing.  Great  difficulty 
was  found  in  filtering  some  of  the  samples,  especially 
the  Trinidad  asphalt. 

Table  II  gives  the  ultimate  composition  of  the  samples 


Table  II 

Substance  Trin.  Ber.  Gils.  Tab.  Wur.  1 Wur.  2 Ozok.  R.  A. 

Carbon 51.06  77.52  85.25  81.32  76.90  79.40  85.35  9.55 

Hydrogen...  5.84  8.90  10.55  10.40  11.20  10.55  13.86  1.10 

Sulfur 4.22  4.70  0.52  1.24  4.00  4.34  0.29  0.78 

Nitrogen....  0.66  0.89  2.21  2.10  2.18  2.10  0.36  0.31 

Ash 35.70  5.32  0.89  4.65  1.50  3.36  0.04  88.05 


as  determined  by  the  ordinary  combustion  method, 
with  lead  chromate  and  copper  oxide  in  the  combustion 
tube.  Great  care  must  be  taken  in  starting  a combus- 
tion to  prevent  the  too  rapid  distillation  of  the  volatile 
components  present  in  the  samples.  Nitrogen  was 
determined  by  a modified  Kjeldahl  method,  with  sub- 
sequent distillation  into  an  excess  of  standard  sulfuric 
acid.  Sulfur  was  determined  by  a modification  of 
the  Eschka  method,3  i.  e.,  roasting  a weighed  sample 
of  material  with  zinc  oxide  and  sodium  carbonate, 
leaching  with  water,  filtering,  acidulating  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  precipitating  and  weighing  barium 
sulfate  as  usual.  Ash  was  determined  by  (i)  re- 
weighing the  boat  after  a combustion,  or  (2)  by  burn- 

1 Richardson,  The  Modern  Asphalt  Pavement,  1905,  168. 

2 Richardson,  loc.  cit. 

3 Ebaugh  and  Sprague,  Jour.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  29,  1475  (1907). 

(7) 


ing  a one-gram  sample  in  a platinum  dish.  In  two 
cases  the  ash  was  analyzed.  The  results  are  given  in 
Table  IIg. 


Table  II a 

Ash  analysis  SiC>2  Ee20s  AI2O3  CaO  MgO 

Rock  asphalt 78.20  2.20  9.00  5.60  2.10 

Tabbyite 35.35  2.50  9.80  29.50  9.45 


Table  III  records  the  results  of  a series  of  solubility 
tests.  The  treatment  with  solvent  lasted  for  18  hours, 
and  a motor-driven  shaking  device  produced  thorough 
mixture  of  sample  and  solvent.  The  hot  extractions 
were  made  with  boiling  solvent  in  a flask  fitted  with  a 
reflux  condenser. 


Solvent 

Trin. 

Table  III 

Ber.  Gils. 

Tab. 

Wur. 

1 Ozok. 

R.  A. 

Amyl  alcohol 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Ini. 

4 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Ethyl  ether 

109 

145 

00 

46 

Inso*l. 

13 

14 

Ethyl  acetate 

30 

24  \ 

r *5 

1 3 

*7 

3 

Insol. 

‘ { 

*7 

4 

Amyl  nitrate 

84 

39 

51 

Insol. 

*5 

Insol. 

7 

16 

Amyl  acetate 

132 

37 

86 

Insol. 

Insol. 

1 

Insol. 

Benzol 

48 

36 

71 

35 

Insol. 

18 

12 

Toluol 

39 

33 

72 

57 

0.09  Very  sol. 

14 

Turpentine 

115 

116 

60 

65 

45 

Very  sol. 

29 

Nitrobenzene 

39 

24 

9 

14  * 

f *12 

f Insol. 

Insol. 

3 

Aniline 

3 

Insol.  ^ 

*33 

Insol. 

Insol. 

f *2 

t Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Chloroform . 

10 

23 

54 

33  "j 

f *1  .5 
l 0.96 

00 

83 

Carbon  disulfide 

00 

00 

00 

55 

13.45 

00  Very  sol. 

Carbon  tetrachloride 

00 

00 

44.30 

36.00 

1.8 

00 

12 

62°  Naphtha 

Very  sol.  63 

5 

6.80 

2.8 

7 

18 

Ethyl  alcohol 

Insol. 

lnsol'Insol.  \ 

*1 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Propyl  alcohol ....  . 

Insol. 

Insol.  ^ 

f *1 

f Insol. 

*11 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Insol. 

Numbers  refer  to  grams  soluble  in  100  grams  cold  solvent. 


* Grams  soluble  in  100  grams  boiling  solvent. 

Table  IV  gives  the  results  of  the  fractional  distilla- 
tions of  the  hydrocarbons.  A number  of  distillations 
at  reduced  pressure  were  tried,  but  the  results  were 
not  satisfactory,  and  work  along  this  line  was  dis- 
continued for  lack  of  time.  It  was  noticed,  however, 
that  (1)  gilsonite  is  soluble  in  its  own  distillate  and 
in  those  from  wurtzilite  and  tabbyite,  (2)  tabbyite 
is  soluble  in  the  distillates  from  gilsonite  and  wurtzilite, 
but  (3)  wurtzilite  is  insoluble  in  its  own  distillate  and 
in  the  distillates  from  gilsonite  and  tabbyite.  Gilson- 
ite is  soluble  in  stearin  and  hot  paraffin,  but  wurtzilite 
is  insoluble  in  both  of  these  materials. 


Table^IV 


Substance 

Trin. 

Ber. 

Gils. 

Tab. 

Wur.  1 

Ozok. 

R.  A. 

0-150°  C 

. 14.93 

9.89 

9.34 

3.12 

16.15 

0.21 

0.91 

150-200°  C 

10.42 

7.99 

5.34 

11.93 

21.70 

8.91 

3.22 

200-250°  C 

2.26 

16.08 

12.84 

24.87 

22.82 

8.38 

0.29 

250-300°  C 

21.12 

28.99 

13.21 

0.91 

17.69 

300-350°  C 

4.77 

25.89 

350-400°  C 

26.85 

Total  volatile 

. . 27.61 

55.08 

56.51 

57.90 

61.58 

87.93 

4.42 

Fixed  carbon 

, . 36.69 

39.60 

43.13 

37.45 

36.92 

10.03 

7.53 

Ash 

35.70 

5.32 

0.36 

4.65 

1.50 

0.04 

88.05 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

CONCLUSIONS 

The  marked  differences  in  the  physical  and  chemical 
properties  and  in  the  compositions  of  the  five  hydro- 
carbons are  established.  Tabbyite  is  shown  to  be  a 
distinct  substance.  The  reported  insolubility  of  wurt- 
zilite  is  amply  confirmed. 

University  op  Utah 
Salt  Lake  City 


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